Application of air insufflation to prevent clinical pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Table 4 Univariate analysis of risk factors for clinical pancreatic fistula

	Clinical PF group (n = 18)	Non-clinical PF group (n = 93)	P value
Age (yr)	56.6 ± 9.8	56.4 ± 10.3	0.96
Gender			0.58
Male	10	45
Female	8	48
ASA			0.55
II	17	80
III	1	13
ALT (U/L)	263.8 ± 298.9	191.8 ± 179.7	0.17
AST (U/L)	171.6 ± 232.3	135.8 ± 130.2	0.36
Preoperative bilirubin (μmol/L)	185.8 ± 159.8	151.2 ± 149.1	0.38
Preoperative albumin (g/L)	68.1 ± 6.8	65.6 ± 8.2	0.23
Presence of comorbid illness	5	38	0.30
Mellitus diabetes	0	11	0.27
Chronic pulmonary disease	1	5	1.00
Artery hypertension	1	16	0.37
Coronaropathy	3	6	0.33
Preoperative biliary drainage			0.25
Yes	11	43
No	7	50
Smoking			0.84
Yes	5	22
No	13	71
Operative factors
Combined vascular resection	1	2	0.42
Duration of operation (min)	392.8 ± 103.3	349.2 ± 93.2	0.08
Estimated blood loss (mL)	428.9 ± 272.6	290.2 ± 144.0	0.05
Blood transfusion cases	7	26	0.35
Pancreatic factors
Pancreatic duct diameter			0.02
≤ 3 mm	16	57
> 3 mm	2	36
Pancreatic texture			0.66
Soft	15	70
Hard	3	23
Pancreatic anastomosis			0.02
Duct to mucosa anastomosis	2	38
Invagination anastomosis	16	55
Air insufflation test			0.02
Yes	3	43
No	15	50
Pathological diagnoses			0.96
Malignant disease	15	81
Pancreatic carcinoma	4	20	1.00
Ampullar carcinoma	1	17	0.32
Cholangiocarcinoma	4	15	0.78
Duodenal carcinoma	6	17	0.26
Benign diseases	3	12

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; PF: Pancreatic fistula.