Self-expandable metal stents for malignant gastric outlet obstruction: A pooled analysis of prospective literature

Table 5 Details on the perforation cases

No.	Description	Day of onset	Treatment
1	Jejunal perforation at distal end of the stent[15]	173	Surgical closure
2	Intraprocedural perforation while the stricture was crossed with the catheter and guidewire[1]	0	Successfully treated with covered SEMS
3	Duodenal perforation after biliary stent placement[1]	82	Laparotomy, abdominal drainage and duodenal covered SEMS
4	Acute abdomen[18]	42	Refused treatment
5	Guidewire perforation[18]	0	Conservative treatment with antibiotics
6	Perforation likely due to stent-induced ischemia[2]	15	Surgical suture and gastrojejunostomy
7	Minor perforation after balloon dilation because of insufficient stent expansion[19]	7	Recovered without surgery
8	Late perforation, not related to dilatation[21]	NR	NR
9	Late perforation, not related to dilatation[21]	NR	NR
10	Late intestinal perforation by migrated stent[24]	NR	Surgical intervention
11	Perforation while pushing the delivery system across the initially placed stent[25]	0	Surgical closure and gastrojejunostomy
12	Perforation by the guidewire and/or ERCP catheter with subsequent misplacement of the stent[27]	0	Surgical suture, bowel patch and gastroenteric bypass
13	Perforation by the guidewire and/or ERCP catheter with subsequent misplacement of the stent[27]	0	Surgical suture, bowel patch and gastroenteric bypass
14	Abdominal pain and pneumoperitoneum immediately after stent placement[28]	0	Loop gastrojejunostomy and combined gastrostomy-jejunostomy tube placement
15	Abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and free air on x-ray 6 d after second stent placement[28]	12	Nasogastric tube placement and hospitalized; died two days later of sepsis

SEMS: Self-expandable metal stent; NR: Not reported; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.