Genetic, metabolic and environmental factors involved in the development of liver cirrhosis in Mexico

Table 4 Genetic polymorphisms associated with the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Gene	Risk allele	Association	Population	Ref.
Lipid metabolism
APOC3	482 T, 455 C	Higher fasting plasma triglyceride concentration and higher prevalence of NAFLD	Asian Indian	[145]
PNPLA3	M148	Increased hepatic fat levels, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD and NASH patients	Hispanic, African American, European American, Finnish, Argentinean, Italian	[146-150]
MTTP	-493 G	Higher intrahepatic triglycerides content. Higher incidence and progression of NASH	French, Japanese	[151,152]
PEMT	M175	Higher prevalence of NAFLD and NASH	Hispanic, African American, European American, Asian	[153,154]
Insulin resistance/sensitivity
ADIPOQ	45 T, 276 T	Higher prevalence of NAFLD. Lower postprandial adiponectin and higher postprandial triglyceride, VLDL, and FFA in NASH patients	Italian	[155]
	45 G, 276 G	Higher prevalence of NAFLD, severe fibrosis and insulin resistance in females	Japanese	[156]
ADIPOR1	-8503 A, -1927 C	Lower insulin sensitivity and higher liver fat	German	[157]
ADIPOR2	rs767870 T	Increased hepatic fat and biochemical surrogates of NAFLD	Finnish	[158]
PPAR-γ	161 T	Higher susceptibility of NAFLD	Chinese	[159]
PPARGC1A	rs2290602 T	Higher occurrence of NAFLD	Japanese	[160]
PPAR-α	Val227	Higher prevalence of NAFLD and anthropometrical indicators of obesity	Chinese	[161]
Oxidative stress
GCLC	-129 T	Higher prevalence of NASH	Brazilian	[162]
NOS2	rs1060822 T	Higher fibrosis index in NAFLD patients	Japanese	[163]
SOD2	1183 T	Higher prevalence of NASH	Japanese	[152]
Immune response mediators
STAT3	rs6503695 T, rs9891119 A	Higher prevalence of NAFLD	Argentinean	[164]
TNF-α	-238 A	Higher prevalence of NAFLD and NASH	Italian, Chinese	[165,166]
IL-8	-251 A	Disease progression in NASH	Turkish	[167]
IL-6	-174 C	Higher risk for NAFLD and NASH	Italian	[168]
MTHFR	1298 C, 677 C	Higher prevalence of NASH	Turkish	[169]
HFE	282 Y	More hepatic fibrosis in NASH patients. Higher prevalence of NAFLD	Australian	[170-172]
ABCC2/MRP2	rs17222723 T, rs8187710 A	NAFLD disease severity	Argentinean	[173]
AGTR1	rs3772633 G, rs3772627 C, rs3772622 A	Higher prevalence of NASH	Japanese	[174]

NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.