Recent advances in the molecular diagnostics of gastric cancer

Table 3 Methylated markers in gastric cancer

Symbol (location)	Biological function	Materials	Detection methods	Pt	Survival	Relevant clinical factors	Functional analyses	Interacting molecules	In vivo study	Ref.
Early detection
APBA2 (15q11-12)	Neuronal adapter protein interacting with the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein	Tissue, Circulating	MSP	90	OS	Size, differentiation, depth, invasive growth, N, CY, stage	-	-	-	[89]
GADD45 (1p31.2)	Responding to environmental stresses	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	138	OS	Stage	-	-	-	[84]
OSR1 (2p24.1)	Development of intermediate mesoderm	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	164	OS	-	Proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis	β-catenin, TCF-1	-	[94]
RASGRF1 (15q24.2)	Mediator of Ras-GEF signaling pathway	Tissue	QPCR	130	-	-	Proliferation, invasion	-	-	[82]
SPG20 (13q13.3)	Regulating endosomal trafficking and mitochondria function	Tissue, Circulating	IHC, MSP	119	OS	-	-	-	-	[95]
TUSC1 (9p21.2)	Unknown	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	112	OS	Age, sex, depth, vascular invasion, N	-	-	-	[92]
XAF1 (17p13.1)	Inhibitory factor of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins	Tissue, Circulating	QPCR, IHC	202	OS, RFS	Size, depth, N, stage, Helicobacter pylori	-	-	-	[85]
Monitoring recurrences
DENND2D (1p13.3)	Membrane trafficking protein regulating Rab GTPases	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	112	OS, RFS	Age, sex, size, depth, N, stage	-	-	-	[96]
PDSS2 (6q21)	Synthesize the prenyl side-chain of coenzyme Q	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	238	OS, RFS	CA19-9, N	-	-	-	[91]
Prediction of survival
PAX5 (9p13)	B-cell lineage specific activator protein that is expressed at early stages of B-cell differentiation	Tissue	QPCR	187	OS	Stage	Proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis	p53	Yes	[81]
PEBP1 (12q24-23)	Inhibitor of Raf1-mediated phosphorylation	Tissue	IHC	135	OS	Differentiation, N, stage	-	-	-	[93]
RASSF5A (1q32.1)	Suppressor of cell growth in response to activated Ras family	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	132	OS	Differentiation, depth, N, stage	-	-	-	[90]
SOCS4 (14q22.1)	suppressor of cytokine signaling	Tissue	QPCR	50	OS	Depth, N	-	-	-	[80]
SOX17 (8q11.23)	Transcription factor involved in the regulation of embryonic development	Circulating	MSP	73	OS	Differentiation	-	-	-	[83]
TCF21 (6q23.2)	Mesoderm specifictranscription factor	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	200	OS	Differentiation, depth, N	-	-	-	[97]
TFF1 (21q22.3)	Protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	182	OS	Depth	Invasion	-	-	[87,88]
Prediction of treatment response
RPRM (2q23.3)	Regulator of cell cycles in a p53-dependent manner	Tissue	QPCR	83	OS	Chemoresistance	Proliferation, apoptosis	-	Yes	[86]

Pt: Number of patients enrolled in expression analysis; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; QPCR: Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; OS: Overall survival; RFS: Recurrence free survival; N: Lymph node metastasis.