Liver enzymes, metabolomics and genome-wide association studies: From systems biology to the personalized medicine

Table 3 Evidence from genome-wide association studies on the heritability of circulating levels of alanine-aminotransferase and aspartate-aminotransferase

Ref.	Number of participants/study design	GWAS strategy (genotyping)	Number of variants	Phenotype	Identified locus
Chambers et al[36]	n = 61089	Affymetrix, Illumina and perlegen sciences arrays	About 2.6 million directly genotyped or imputed autosomal SNPs	Plasma levels of ALT	HSD17B13, MAPK10, TRIB1, CPN1, PNPLA3, SAMM50
	Population-based
	Adults
Yuan et al[74]	Initial study n = 7715	Affymetrix	-	Plasma levels of ALT	CHUK, PNPLA3, SAMM50, CPN1
	Replication n = 704
	Population-based
	Adults
Park et al[75]	n = 532	Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad BeadChip	747076 SNPs	Plasma levels of ALT	ST6GALNAC3, MMADHC, CCDC102B, RGS5, BRD7, GALNT13, SIRPA, CD93, SLC39A11, ADAMTS9, CELF2
	Population-based Children			Plasma levels of AST	CYB5APS, CELF2, GOT1, ST6GALNAC3, ADAMTS9, THSD7B, EIF4A1P1, ROBO1, THSD7B
Shen et al[76]	n = 866	Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500 K Array set	500568 SNPs	Plasma levels of AST	GOT1
	Population-based
	adults

GWAS: Genome-wide association studies; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; ALT: Alanine-aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate-aminotransferase.