Neoplastic disease after liver transplantation: Focus on de novo neoplasms

Table 2 Risk factors for the development of de novo malignancies according to tumor location/type (data according to[5,14-17,20-22,25,26,46,48,50,53,54,61,62,64,75,130,181,183,184])

Tumor location/type	Risk factor
Skin	Age > 40 yr
	Male gender
	Skin type
	Sun exposure
	Smoking
	Alcoholic cirrhosis
	Primary sclerosing cholangitis as indication for LT
	Cyclosporine-based immunosuppression
KS	Increased intensity of immunosuppression
	Infection with HHV-8
PTLD	Age > 50 yr
	Infection with EBV (especially seronegative recipients of organs from EBV seropositive donors)
	Increased intensity of immunosuppression
	OKT3 or anti-thymocyte globulin
	Cyclosporine-based immunosuppression
	Hepatitis C virus
Lung cancer	Cigarette smoking
	LT for alcohol-related liver disease
Head and neck cancers	Cigarette smoking
	LT for alcohol-related liver disease
Esophageal and gastric cancers	LT for alcohol-related liver disease
	Barrett’s Esophagus
Colorectal cancer	Primary sclerosing cholangitis
	Inflammatory bowel disease
De novo HCC	Recurrence of liver disease in the allograft
Gynecologic cancers	Insufficient evidence
Genitourinary cancers	Insufficient evidence

EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HHV-8: Human herpesvirus 8; KS: Kaposi’s sarcoma; LT: Liver transplantation; PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.