Risk factors of organ failure in cholangitis with bacteriobilia

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with acute cholangitis who underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (n = 182)

Characteristic	n (%)
Age ≥ 65 yr	95 (52.2)
Sex (male/female)	111/71
Heavy smoker 1	12 (12.1)
Heavy alcohol drinker 2	17 (9.3)
Body temperature > 38 or < 36  °C	61 (33.5)
Positive Charcot’s triad	23 (12.6)
Symptom to door time (h), mean ± SD	107.2 ± 171.2
CCIs ≥ 4	90 (49.5)
Pre-existing renal dysfunction	14 (7.7)
Etiology
Choledocholithiasis	59 (32.4)
Benign biliary stricture	31 (17.0)
Malignant biliary obstruction	88 (48.4)
Procedure-related	4 (2.2)
Laboratory finding
WBC count > 12000 or < 4000/mm3	70 (38.5)
Total bilirubin ≥ 5 mg/dL	59 (32.4)
Alkaline phosphatase ≥ 250 IU/L	106 (58.2)
Albumin ≤ 2.8 g/dL	59 (32.4)
C-reactive protein ≥ 5 mg/dL	120 (65.9)
The severity of acute cholangitis3
Mild	73 (40.1)
Moderate	64 (35.2)
Severe	45 (24.7)
Performance of bile cultures	138 (75.8)
During PTBD insertion	58
Within 24 h after PTBD insertion	80
Positive blood culture	55/182 (30.2)
Unsuccessful biliary decompression4	14 (7.7)
Reposition	6
Additional insertion	8
Organ failure	24 (13.2)
Septic shock	13
Acute renal failure	8
Acute respiratory distress	3
Death	5 (2.7)

Values are presented as number or number (%).

¹Heavy smoker is defined as an individual with 20 or more pack-years (1 pack year = 1 pack per day for one year) of use;

²Heavy drinker is defined as an individual currently drinking alcoholic beverages in a daily amount of ≥ 80 g (male) or ≥ 40 g (female);

³TG13 severity assessment criteria for acute cholangitis (at admission);

⁴Reposition or additional insertion after initial PTBD insertion. PTBD: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage; CCIs: Charlson comorbidity index score; WBC: White blood cell.