Nocardia infections among immunomodulated inflammatory bowel disease patients: A review

Table 2 Clinical forms of Nocardiosis related to anti-TNF therapy in inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatic and psoriatic patients

Clinical form	Anti-TNF
	IFXor ADA duration of therapy	Age	Associated treatment	Nocardia isolation	Outcome	Ref.
Cutaneous
IBD-P	IFX -3 infusions	45	No	Nocardia spp.	Favourable	Singh et al[30]
	IFX- 1,5 yr	61	No	Nocardia spp.	Favourable	Ali et al[31]
R-P	IFX -3 yr	70	Metothrexate + steroids	N. otitidiscaviarum	Favourable	Fabre et al[32]
Pulmonary
IBD-P	IFX - 8 mo -6 infusions	77	Steroids	N. asteroids	Favourable	Stratakos et al[33]
	IFX - 3 infusions	53	Azathioprine + steroids	N.cyriacigeorgica	Favourable	Parra et al[34]
	IFX - 6 mo	81	6-mercapto-purine	Nocardia spp	Favourable	Saleemuddin et al[35]
R-P	ADA - 4 mo	63	Steroids (DPOC)	N. asteroids	Favourable	Doraiswamy et al[48]
Disseminated
R-P	ADA1- 4 mo	63	Metotrexate	N. farcinica	Favourable	Wendling et al[38]
P-P	IFX2- 2 mo	66	Alefacet 6 mo before	N. farcinica	death	Al-Tawfiq et al[37]
IBD-P	IFX - 5 infusions	73	Prednisolone methrotexate	N. asteroids	Favourable with sequelae	Sidney et al[49]
Hepatic
IBD-P	IFX ≤ 1 mo	23	Steroids	N. farcinica	Favourable	Nakahara et al[36]

¹Previously was treated with 3 mo of etanercept;

²Diabetic patient. IBD-P: IBD-patients; R-P: Rheumatologic patients; P-P: Psoriatic patients.