Estimating steatosis and fibrosis: Comparison of acoustic structure quantification with established techniques

Table 2 Distribution of anthropometry, hepatic lipid content, fibrosis risk and acoustic structure quantification parameters in different grades of fatty liver n (%)

Parameter	Controls	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
		CAP < 250 dB/m	CAP 250-< 300 dB/m	CAP 300-< 350 dB/m	CAP ≥ 350 dB/m
Sex (F/M)	10/10	2/4	6/4	8/11	7/5
Body mass index (kg/m²)b	22.0 ± 2.7	26.7 ± 4.6	28.3 ± 5.1	29.2 ± 4.3	32.1 ± 3
Waist-to-hip ratiob	0.85 ± 0.08	1.00 ± 0.03	0.91 ± 0.13	0.98 ± 0.06	1.01 ± 0.05
Liver stiffness (kpa)a	4.9 (2.9-6.8)	3.5 (3-6.1)	5.1 (3.5-11.7)	5.7 (3.4-12.3)	6.9 (4.1-70.6)
≥ 7.9 kpac	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (10)	5 (26)	4 (33)
NAFLD fibrosis score	-	-0.68 (-2.45-1.25)	0.29 (-0.3-1.26)	-0.4 (-3.04-1.1)	0.11 (-1.68-2.28)
≥ 0.676		1 (17)	3 (30)	2 (11)	4 (33)
1H-MR spectroscopy	-	4.19 (2.69-16.62)	9.77 (1.56-15.71)	18.99 (5.66-35.55)	18.38 (9.42-41.11)
(relative lipid signal, %)
Asq
Mode 1 (red histogram)b	114 (105-121)	107 (102-109)	106 (102-114)	105 (100-112)	102 (99-108)
Average 1 (red histogram)a	117 (109-125)	110 (104-116)	108 (106-114)	106 (103-112)	105 (102-112)
Mode 2 (blue histogram)b	126 (110-135)	117 (114-126)	119 (105-125)	114 (107-119)	114 (105-121)
Average 2 (blue histogram)b	132 (116-149)	122 (116-139)	123 (114-130)	118 (109-134)	115 (106-123)
Focal disturbance (FD) ratiob	0.34 (0.12-0.71)	0.16 (0.03-0.36)	0.07 (0.03-0.18)	0.06 (0.02-0.09)	0.04 (0.02-0.13)

^aP < 0.05 (Kruskal-Wallis test),

^bP < 0.01 (Kruskal-Wallis test) vs healthy controls;

^cP < 0.05 (exact test for count data), vs healthy controls. ASQ: Acoustic structure quantification; CAP: Controlled attenuation parameter.