An association between Helicobacter pylori and upper respiratory tract disease: Fact or fiction?

Table 3 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in clinical investigations of relationships between Helicobacter pylori and otitis media

Ref.	Patients(n)	Samples	Methods	Positive results
Bitar et al[86]	28	Middle ear fluid	Culture	0%
Pitkäranta et al[87]	20	Middle ear fluid	Culture	0%
Ozcan et al[89]	25	Middle ear fluid	Urease test	0%
		Blood	ELISA (IgG)	32%
			ELISA (IgA)	12%
Fancy et al[90]	45	Middle ear fluid	PCR	32%
Yilmaz et al[91]	22	Middle ear fluid	Culture	9%
			PCR	31.8%
		Middle ear mucosa	Culture	4.5%
			PCR	27.3%
Yilmaz et al[92]	18	Middle ear fluid	PCR	66.7%
Agirdir et al[93]	45	Middle ear fluid	Urease test	66.6%
Morinaka et al[94]	15	Middle ear fluid	Urease test	20%
			IHC	80%
Karlidag et al[95]	38	Middle ear fluid	PCR	16.3%
Park et al[96]	60	Middle ear fluid	Urease test	26.7%
			PCR	33.3%
Bai et al[97]	60	Middle ear fluid	PCR	40%
			Culture	11.7%
			Urease test	11.7%
Kutluhan et al[101]	38	Middle ear tissue	PCR	7.9%
Dagli et al[102]	41	Middle ear mucosa	Urease test	53.6%

ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.