Gut-liver axis and probiotics: Their role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Intestinal microbiota composition in obese individuals

Ref.	Subjects	Method	Firmicutes	Bacteroidetes	Actinobacteria	Proteobacteria	Archaea
Turnbaugh et al[30]	12 ob/2 nw	16 S RNA pyrosequencing 454	+	-	/	/	/
Turnbaugh et al[31]	31 MZ twin pairs/23 DZ twin pairs/46 mo	16 S RNA pyrosequencing 454	==	--	++	==	==
Mouzaki et al[32]	17 nw/11 ss/22 NASH	qPCR	++	--	No statistical difference	No statistical difference	/
Armougom et al[33]	20 ob/20 nw	qPCR	++	--	/	/	+
Million et al[34]	68 ob/47 nw	qPCR; cell counts	++	==	-	/
Nadal et al[35]	39 ob adolescents low calorie 10 wk	FISH	++	--	++	++	++
Santacruz et al[36]	36 ob adolescents low calorie 10 wk	RT-PCR	++	--	++	/	/
Zhang et al[37]	3 ob/3 nw	qPCR + 16 S RNA pyrosequencing 454	+-(Lachnospiraceae)	+(Prevotellaceae)	+(Coriobacteriaceae)	+	+(Methanobrevibacter smithii)
Wong et al[38]	16 ob NASH/22 nw ctrls	16 S RNA pyrosequencing 454	--	++	--	++	/
Zhu et al[39]	16 nw/25 I/22 NASH	16 S RNA pyrosequencing 454	--	++	--	++	/
Schwiertz et al[40]	33 ob/35 ow/30 nw	qPCR	--	==	-	/	-

Firmicutes: Clostridia, Lactobacillales, Coccacea; ob: Obese; nw: Normal weight; ss: Simple steatosis; ow: Overweight; MZ: Monozygotic; DZ: Dizygotic.