Evolving treatment strategies for colorectal cancer: A critical review of current therapeutic options

Table 1 Tumor node metastasis clinical classification (colon and rectum cancer)

TX	Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0	No evidence of primary tumor
Tis	Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial or invasion of lamina propria
T1	Tumor invades submucosa
T2	Tumor invades muscularis propria
T3	Tumor invades subserosa or into non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues
T4	Tumor directly invades other organs or structures and/or perforates visceral peritoneum
T4a	Tumor perforates visceral peritoneum
T4b	Tumor directly invades other organs or structures
Nx	Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
N1	Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes
N1a	Metastasis in 1 regional lymph node
N1b	Metastasis in 2-3 regional lymph nodes
N1c	Tumor deposit(s), i.e., satellites, in the subserosa, or in non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal soft tissue without regional lymph node metastasis
N2	Metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes
N2a	Metastasis in 4-6 regional lymph nodes
N2b	Metastasis in 7 or more regional lymph nodes
M0	No distant metastasis
M1	Distant metastasis
M1a	Metastasis confined to one organ [liver, lung, ovary, non-regional lymph node(s)]
M1b	Metastasis in more than one organ or the peritoneum

AJCC: American joint committee on cancer[4].