Potential for human immunodeficiency virus parenteral transmission in the Middle East and North Africa: An analysis using hepatitis C virus as a proxy biomarker

Table 1 Hepatitis C virus prevalence among general population groups in the Middle East and North Africa

Country	Population	Seroprevalence (%)	Ref.
Afghanistan	Blood donors	0.3-1.9	[123,124]
	Pregnant women	0.31	[125]
Algeria	Blood donors	0.18	[126]
	Pregnant women	0.19-0.63	[126,127]
Bahrain	Blood donors	0.3	[128]
Djibouti	Blood donors	0.3	[129]
Egypt	Army recruits	22.1	[130]
	Blood donors	2.7-26.6	[103,131-140]
	Children	2.1-12.1	[84,94,103,130,141,142]
	Family of HCV positive patients	0-14	[143]
	Fire brigade personnel	39	[103]
	General population	10-41.9	[91,144,145]
	Healthy populations	5-46.7	[95,146-150]
	National survey	14.7	[62]
	Pregnant women	4.3-19	[151-154]
	Rural populations	2.7-60	[90,155-158]
	Tourism workers	14.3	[159]
	Visa applicants	31.5	[95]
Iran	Blood donors	0.1-2.1	[114,160-166]
	Children	0-0.6	[167,168]
	Family of HCV positive patients	1.3	[169]
	General population	0.1-3.1	[170]
	Healthy populations	12.3	[171]
Iraq	Pregnant women	3.2	[172]
Kuwait	Blood donors	0.8-5.4	[173]
	Outpatients	1	[174]
Lebanon	Blood donors	0.4-0.7	[175-178]
	General population	0.7	[179]
Libya	Blood donors	0.9-6.6	[180-183]
	Healthy populations	1.6-7.9	[180,182]
	National survey	1.2	[184]
Morocco	Blood donors	0.2-1.1	[185-188]
	Pregnant women	0.5-1	[185,189]
Oman	Blood donors	0.4-1.5	[190-193]
Pakistan	Blood donors	0.5-16	[64,76,194-201]
	Children	1.7-2.1	[75,76]
	Family of HCV positive patients	0.4-20.5	[202-204]
	General population	4.7-5.4	[64,76]
	Healthy adults	3	[76]
	Rural populations	4.6-33.7	[66,67,121,205,206]
	Vaccinated population with smallpox	21	[67]
	Women	6.7	[205]
Palestine	General population	2.2	[144]
Qatar	Blood donors	0.4-2.8	[207,208]
	General population	0.9	[209]
Saudi Arabia	Blood donors	0.4-4.6	[72,210-218]
	Children	0.1-1.8	[70-72]
	General population	1.7-3.6	[219,220]
	Outpatients	2.1-22.5	[221]
	Pregnant women	0.1-4.6	[72,222,223]
	Subjects tested for HCV	5.1	[210]
Somalia	Blood donors	0.6	[224]
	Blood donors and hospitalized populations	2.4	[224]
	Children	0-1.5	[73,74]
	Healthy populations	1-6.5	[73,225]
Sudan	Outpatients	3	[226]
	Pregnant women	0.6	[227]
Syria	Blood donors	0.95	[228]
Tunisia	Blood donors	0.6-1.1	[229,230]
	General population	0.2-1.7	[231-233]
Turkey	Blood donors	0.2-0.4	[234-239]
	Controls	1.3	[240]
	Engaged couples	0.1	[241]
	Family of HCV positive patients	2	[242]
	General population	0.6-2.3	[241,243,244]
	Obstetrics and gynecology patients	0.9	[245]
	Outpatients	2.2	[246]
	Rural populations	1	[247]
	Soldiers	0.5-0.6	[237]
UAE	Blood donors	0.5-1.10	[248,249]
	College students	0-0.4	[250,251]
Yemen	Blood donors	1.1	[252]
	Healthy populations	2.1-4.2	[253,254]

Results shown are not of an exhaustive and systematic literature review. HCV: Hepatitis C virus; UAE: United Arab Emirates.