Inflammatory bowel disease in pediatric and adolescent patients: A biomolecular and histopathological review

Table 3 Salient histopathological and biomolecular features in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

Gene	Genetic alterations	Histopathology	Clinical features	Ref.
IL10RA	G141R	IBD-U	Infantile IBD	[48-50]
IL10RB	W159X
NOD2	R702W, G908R, L1007fsinsC	Abnormal Paneth cells, granuloma-poor	L1 CD	[72]
ATG16L1	T300A
NOD2	R702W, G908R, L1007fsinsC		L1 CD,	[81-87]
			Structuring (B2) behavior	[82,83,87]
			Early surgery	[83]
			Growth delay	[83,84]
			Higher disease activity	[83,88]
NOD2	R702W, G908R, L1007fsinsC	Diminished immunohistochemical	L1, L3 CD	[106-108]
		Expression of alpha-defensin in small intestinal Paneth cells
TLRs	TLR-4 Asp299gly		CD, UC	[111]
IRGM	rs4958847		Fistulizing (B3) CD	[135]
ILRL1 and IL33	Upexpression of mRNA		Extensive UC	[138-140,150]
β-defensin	Low gene copy number	Diminished immunohistochemical expression of beta-defensin 2	L2 CD	[104,105]
HBD2
NCF4	Rs4821544 polymorphism		Perianal CD	[157]

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis.