Therapeutic applications of curcumin for patients with pancreatic cancer

Table 1 A summary of representative preclinical studies on the anticancer effects of curcumin against pancreatic cancer

Reported molecular targets	Curcumin dose required for the reported effects
	in vitro(μmol/L)	in vivo
NF-κB↓ (Ref. 14)	≥ 5.4	NA
NF-κB↓, cyclin-D1↓	≥ 25	1 g/kg per day, po
c-myc↓, Bcl-2↓
Bcl-xL↓, cIAP-1↓
MMP↓, COX2↓
VEGF↓ (Ref. 36)
NF-κB↓, Sp-1, Sp-3, Sp4↓	≥ 25	100 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneal injection
cyclin-D1↓, survivin↓
VEGF↓ (Ref. 27)
NF-κB↓, PGE2↓	≥ 4	NA
VEGF↓, miR-21↓
miR-200↑ (Ref. 28)

cIAP1: Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis portein-1; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; COX2: Cyclooxygenase-2; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; NA: Not available.