Natural products and food components with anti-Helicobacter pylori activities

Table 2 Anti-Helicobacter pylori effects and combination effects in clinical studies

Food	Putative anti-H. pylori effect	Effect comminbed with agents in clinical trial			Ref.
		Agents	Eradication rate	Study design
Bovine milk	Penetration of the antibiotics to H. pylori	bLF + triple therapy	100%	Open, randomized, single-center	[5]
	(damage of cell membrane)	(rabeprazole, CAM, tinidazole)	93%	Open, randomized, multi-center	[6]
Green tea	Inhibition of urease activity via disrupted cell membrane
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)	Blockage of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation
Curcuma amada	-
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)	-
Propolis	Damage of cytoplasmic membrane
Acacia nilotica	Suppression of urease activity
Calotropis procera	Suppression of urease activity
Muscadine grape skin	-
Apple peel	Inhibition of urease activity
Virgin oil	-
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Cranbery juice	Inhibition of H. pylori adhesion to gastric mucosa	Cranbery juice + Lactobacillus (La1)	22.90%	Multicentric, randomized, controlled, double-blind	[37]
Plants	Damage of lipid bilayer membrane
Broccoli sprout (Brassica oleracea)	-
Paeonia lactiflora	Inhibition of urease activity
Decalepis hamiltonii	Bacterial lysis (cell death)
	(interference of DNA/protein involved in DNA protection and bioavailability)
(Maillard reaction products)	Inhibition of H. pylori urease binding to gastric mucin
(Maillard reaction products)	-
Milk (Maillard reaction products)	Blockage of interaction between H. pylori and gastric mucin
Okinawamozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus)	Inhibition of H. pylori binding to gastric cell
Garlic (Allium sativum)	-
Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum)	Interference of the cell division process
Deep seawater	-
Essential oils	-

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; CAM: Clarithromycin.