Epigenetics and pancreatic cancer: Pathophysiology and novel treatment aspects

Table 3 Overview of DNA hyper-/hypomethylation involved in pancreatic cancer

DNA modification	Material			Gene affected	Ref.
	Cancer samples	Cell lines	Other
DNA hyper-methylation	√			p16	[166]
	√			RASSF1A	[178]
	√			MDFI, hsa-miR-9-1, ZNF415, CNTNAP2, ELOVL4	[179]
	√			SOX15	[180]
	√			HOP hoemobox (HOPX)	[181]
	√			KLF10	[182]
	√			hMLH1	[183]
	√			miR-34a/b/c	[184]
	√			SPARC	[185]
	√			FoxE1, NPTX2, CLDN5, P16, TFPI-2, SPARC, ppENK	[186]
	√			SFRP	[187]
	√	AsPC1, Hs766T, MiaPaCa2, Panc1		UCHL1, NPTX2, SARP2, CLDN5, reprimo, LHX1, WNT7A, FOXE1, TJP2, CDH3, ST14	[30,159]
	√	AsPC1, BxPC3, CFPAC1, Panc1		NPTX2	[188]
	√	Panc1, SW1990		miR-132	[121]
	√	BxPC3, Capan2, CFPAC1, HPACI, HPAFII, MiaPaCa2, Panc1, PL45		FOXA1/2	[81]
		MiaPaCa2		ARID1B	[189]1
		Panc1		NPTX2	[190]1
		AsPC1, BxPC3, Panc1, MIA PaCa-2		Dkk3	[191]
		BXPC3, HPAFII, HPAC, hTERT-HPDE, Panc1		Cldn18	[192]
		BxPC3, CFPAC1, Panc1, SW1990		TNFRSF10C	[193]
			Pancreatic juice	Neuronal pentraxin II (NPTX2)	[194]
			Pancreatobiliary fluid	UCHL1, RUNX3	[195]
			PanIN	p16	[196]
			IPMNs	BNIP3, PTCHD2, SOX17, NXPH1, EBF3, SPARC, SARP2, TSLC1, RELN, TFPI2, CLDN5, UCHL1	[157,197]
			Blood, brush cytology	NPTX2	[198,199]
DNA hypo-methylation	√			VAV1	[79]
	√			Claudin4, lipocalin2, 14-3-3 sigma, trefoil factor 2, S100A4, mesothelin, prostate stem cell antigen	[78]
	√			MUC4	[77]
		SW1990		ABCB1/MDR1, ABCC1/MRP1, ABCG2/BCRP	[200]

¹Only abstract available.