Pancreatic biomarkers: Could they be the answer?

Table 1 Suggested risk factors for the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[3]

Hereditary syndromes	Non-hereditary risk factors
Hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (BRCA2, BRCA1, PALB2)	Nonhereditary chronic pancreatitis
Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome (CDKN2A)	Diabetes mellitus, glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (STK11)	Cigarette smoking
Familial adenomatous polyposis (APC)	Obesity and physical inactivity
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch II) (DNA mismatch repair genes)	Diet (high intake of saturated fat and/or meat, particularly smoked or processed meats)
Familial pancreatic cancer (gene not identified)	Coffee and alcohol consumption
Hereditary pancreatitis (PRSS1, SPINK1)	Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
Ataxia telangiectasia (ATM)	History of partial gastrectomy or cholecystectomy
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (p53)	Helicobacter pylori infection