Transfusion and coagulation management in liver transplantation

Table 2 Alterations in both anti- and pro- haemostatic dynamics in liver disease

Haemostasis	Anti-haemostatic	Pro-haemostatic
Primary haemostasis (platelet-vessel wall interaction)	Thrombocytopaenia	Elevated levels of Von Willebrand factor
	Platelet function defects	Decreased levels of ADAMTS-13
	Increased nitric oxide and prostacyclin	Platelet hyper reactivity
Secondary haemostasis (thrombin generation and inhibition)	Low levels of factors II, V, VII, IX, X, XI	Increased factor VIII
	Vitamin K deficiency	Decreased protein C, S, AT-III, alpha 2 macroglobulin, heparin co-factor II
Fibrinolysis	Low levels of alpha 2 anti-plasmin, factor XIII, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor	Low levels of plasminogen
	Elevated tissue plasminogen activator	High levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor
	Dysfibrinogenaemia