Role of dental plaque, saliva and periodontal disease in Helicobacter pylori infection

Table 3 Studies evaluating the association of oral hygiene status and gingival/periodontal status with Helicobacter pylori infection

Ref.	Oral health status evaluated	Definition of oral hygiene/periodontal status	Sample population and sample size	Association with oral H. pylori	Association with gastric H. pylori
Sambashivaiah et al[73], 2011	Periodontal status	Mean probing depth > 5 mm	India; 36 patients in 3 groups-group I, healthy subjects, group II, chronic periodontitis patients, group III, chronic periodontitis patients with type II diabetes mellitus	Significant	Not evaluated
Silva et al[71], 2010	Periodontal status	At least 4 teeth with PD ≥ 5 mm and CAL > 3 mm	Brazil; 115 dyspeptic patients	Significant	Not evaluated
Namiot et al[107], 2010	Oral hygiene/periodontal status	Oral Hygiene index/Russell’s periodontal index	Poland; 155 dyspeptic patients	Non-significant	Not evaluated
Bali et al[65], 2010	Oral hygiene status/periodontal status	Oral hygiene index-simplified/probing pocket depth	India; 124 dyspeptic patients of which 60 were H. pylori positive (cases) and 64 were H. pylori negative (controls)	Not evaluated	Significant
Gonçalves et al[69], 2009	Periodontal status	At least 3 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm and/or CAL ≥ 4 mm and BOP	Brazil; 23 HIV seropositive patients of whom 13 had periodontitis and 10 were periodontally healthy; 31 HIV seronegative patients of whom 17 had periodontitis and 14 were periodontally healthy	Significant	Not evaluated
Al Asqah et al[64], 2009	Periodontal status	BOP + PD ≥ 3 mm on at least 4 teeth	Saudi Arabia; Dyspeptic patients-62 patients with periodontitis and 39 without periodontitis	Significant	Significant
Liu et al[70], 2009	Gingival status	Gingival index	China; 443 dyspeptic patients	Significant	Not evaluated
Zaric et al[72], 2009	Gingival and periodontal status	Mean PD, CAL and gingival index scores	Serbia; 66 dyspeptic patients with H. pylori infection of gastric mucosa	Significant for mean PD but not for CAL and gingival index scores	Not evaluated
Bürgers et al[93], 2008	Periodontal status	Periodontal Screening Index	Germany; 94 dyspeptic patients	Non-significant	Non-significant
Souto and Colombo[68], 2008	Periodontal status	≥ 10% of teeth with probing depth and/or clinical attachment loss ≥ 5 mm, or ≥ 15% of teeth with probing depth and/or clinical attachment loss ≥ 4 mm, and > 10% of sites with bleeding on probing	Brazil, 225 patients-56 periodontally healthy and 169 chronic periodontitis patients	Significant	Not evaluated
Namiot et al[112], 2007	Periodontal status	Russell’s periodontal index	Poland; 137 H. pylori-positive patients with peptic ulcer	Not evaluated	Non-significant
Anand et al[104], 2006	Oral hygiene status/periodontal status	Oral hygiene index-simplified/patients with one or more sites with a PD ≥ 3 mm and CAL ≥ 3 mm at the same site	India; 65 dyspeptic patients with H. pylori infection (cases) and 69 dyspeptic patients without H. pylori infection (controls)	Not evaluated	Non-significant
Gebara et al[53], 2004	Gingival and periodontal status	Gingivitis group-patients with PD ≤ 3 mm and BOP on at least 4 sites; periodontitis group- BOP + PD ≥ 5 mm on at least 4 teeth	Brazil; 15 gingivitis and 15 periodontitis patients-all were H. pylori-positive in antral mucosa	Non-significant	Not evaluated
Gürbüz et al[39], 2003	Oral hygiene/periodontal status	Plaque index/Russell’s index	Turkey; 75 dyspeptic patients	Significant	Significant
Umeda et al[35], 2003	Periodontal status	Presence of periodontal pockets ≥ 4 mm	Japan; 28 patients who harbored H. pylori in stomach/duodenum	Significant	Not evaluated
Choudhury et al[67], 2003	Periodontal status	CPI	India; 124 dyspeptic patients	Significant	Not evaluated
Butt et al[74], 2002	Oral hygiene status/periodontal status	Community Periodontal Index of treatment needs	Pakistan; 78 dyspeptic patients	Significant with amount of dental plaque but not with gingival or periodontal inflammation	Not evaluated
Dye et al[66], 2002	Periodontal status	Presence of 1 dental site with PD ≥ 5 mm	United States; data from 4504 participants of National Health and Nutrition Examination III Survey	Not evaluated	Significant
Berroteran et al[99], 2002	Gingival status	Gingival index-scoring from 0-3	Venezuela; 32 dyspeptic patients and 20 asymptomatic controls	Non-significant	Non-significant
Al-Refai et al[105], 2002	Oral hygiene/gingival/ periodontal status	Plaque index/gingival index/Community Periodontal Index of treatment needs	Saudi Arabia; 75 dyspeptic patients and 60 healthy controls	Non-significant	Non-significant

PD: Pocket depth; CAL: Clinical attachment level; BOP: Bleeding on probing; CPI: Community periodontal index; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.