Role of dental plaque, saliva and periodontal disease in Helicobacter pylori infection

Table 1 Studies evaluating the presence of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque

Ref.	Method of H. pylori detection in dental plaque	Sample population and sample size	Prevalence of H. pylori in dental plaque
Agarwal and Jithendra[84], 2012	PCR	India; 30 H. pylori-positive and 20 H. pylori-negative patients	Overall-42% (n = 21); in H. pylori-positive group-60% (18/30); in H. pylori-negative group-15% (3/20)
Momtaz et al[85], 2012	PCR	Iran; 300 patients with gastro-duodenal diseases	0
Wichelhaus et al[86], 2011	PCR	Germany; 11 orthodontic patients	36% (n = 4)
Gao et al[46], 2011	PCR	China; 96 patients with H. pylori infection	82.30%
Chaudhry et al[45], 2011	PCR	Pakistan; 89 dyspeptic patients reporting for endoscopy	51.6% (n = 46) for both genes; 62.9% (n = 56) for 16srRNA; 61.7% (n = 55) for 860-bp DNA region; 73% (n = 65) if either of the 2 regions were considered
Bago et al[81], 2011	PCR	Croatia; 56 patients with chronic periodontitis and gastric H. pylori-positive	37.5% (n = 21)
Silva et al[71], 2010	PCR	Brazil; 115 patients-36 with dyspepsia and periodontal disease, 31 with dyspepsia but no periodontal disease, 22 with neither dyspepsia nor periodontal disease, 26 with periodontal disease and without dyspepsia	11.3% (n = 13)
Silva et al[87], 2010	PCR	Brazil; 30 dyspeptic patients	20% (n = 6) by 16S rDNA and 6.7% (n = 2) by vacA
Eskandari et al[88], 2010	PCR	Iran; 67 patients with chronic periodontitis-23 with H. pylori-positive gastritis	5.97% (n = 4/67)
Assumpção et al[89], 2010	PCR	Brazil; 99 adult patients who underwent upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy	72% (71) samples were positive for H. pylori. Overall, 63 (89%) of 71 positive dental plaque samples were positive for vacA and cagA. 58/71 (82%) were positive for cagA, while vacA genotypes had a prevalence ranging from 13%-59%
Medina et al[90], 2010	PCR	Argentina; 98 patients-43 dyspeptic patients and 55 asymptomatic controls	10.2% (n = 10)
Liu et al[70], 2009	PCR	China; 443 dyspeptic patients	59.4% (n = 263)
Gonçalves et al[69], 2009	PCR	Brazil; 23 HIV seropositive individuals (13 who had chronic periodontitis and 10 who were periodontally healthy) and 31 HIV seronegative individuals (17 who had chronic periodontitis and 14 who were periodontally healthy)	Not specified; frequency of detection was significantly higher in chronic periodontitis groups compared with periodontally healthy groups
Silva et al[91], 2009	PCR	Brazil; 30 individuals who were H. pylori-positive with gastric disease (cases) and 32 individuals who were H. pylori-positive with no gastric disease (controls)	Overall-17.7% (n = 11). Among cases, DNA detected in 36.6% (11/30); control group-0%
Morales-Espinosa et al[62], 2009	PCR	Mexico; 66 hospitalized patients and 65 dental patients	Overall-19.9% (n = 26); 24% (n = 16) among hospitalized patients and 15% (n = 10) among dental patients
Souto and Colombo[68], 2008	PCR	Brazil; 225 patients-56 periodontally healthy and 169 chronic periodontitis patients	50% in patients with chronic periodontitis and 11.4% in periodontally healthy individuals
Liu et al[92], 2008	PCR	China; 214 children	58.9% (n = 126)
Bürgers et al[93], 2008	PCR	Germany; 94 patients who underwent upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy	5.4% (n = 5/92 dentate patients)
Teoman et al[94], 2007	PCR	Turkey; 67 dyspeptic patients	28.3% (n = 19)
Olivier et al[95], 2006	PCR	South Africa; 74 healthy members of a rural community	0
Kignel et al[96], 2005	PCR	Brazil; 49 dyspeptic patients	2% (n = 1)
Gebara et al[53], 2004	PCR	Brazil; 15 gingivitis and 15 periodontitis patients-all were H. pylori-positive in antral mucosa	20% (n = 6) in supra-gingival plaque and 26.6% (n = 8) in sub-gingival plaque
Fritscher et al[97], 2004	PCR	Brazil; 53 patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (cases) and 52 patients without recurrent aphthous stomatitis (controls)	Overall-3.8%; 5.7% (n = 3) in cases and 1.9% (n = 1) among controls
Umeda et al[35], 2003	PCR	Japan; 56 dental patients	25% (n = 14)
Suk et al[98], 2002	PCR	Taiwan; 65 patients with dyspeptic symptoms	43.1% (n = 28)
Berroteran et al[99], 2002	PCR	Venezuela; 32 dyspeptic patients and 20 asymptomatic controls	Overall-28.9%; 37.5% (n = 12) among dyspeptic patients and 15% (n = 3) among controls
Goosen et al[100], 2002	PCR	South Africa; 58 clinically healthy volunteers	1.7% (n = 1)
Song et al[63], 2000	PCR	Germany; 15 dyspeptic patients and 6 orthodontic patients	100% (n = 21)
Song et al[101], 2000	PCR	Germany; 20 dyspeptic patients	In dental plaque-not specified; 100% in oral samples (plaque and saliva)
Song et al[58], 2000	PCR	Germany; 42 patients who underwent upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy	97% (n = 41)-82% in molar region, 64% in premolar region and 59% in incisor region
Miyabayashi et al[79], 2000	PCR	Japan; 47 patients with chronic gastritis or peptic ulcer	38.3% (n = 18)
Agarwal and Jithendra[84], 2012	Culture	India; 30 H. pylori-positive and 20 H. pylori-negative patients	Overall-18% (n = 9); in H. pylori-positive group-30% (9/30); in H. pylori-negative group-0
Loster et al[49], 2009	Culture	Poland; 46 dentists without known co-morbidities	48%
Sudhakar et al[102], 2008	Culture	India; 50 patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer (study group) and 25 students (control group)	Overall 6.7% (n = 5); in study group-10% (n = 5), in control group-0%
Teoman et al[94], 2007	Culture	Turkey; 67 dyspeptic patients	0
Czesnikiewicz-Guzik et al[47], 2005	Culture	Poland; 100 female patients	48.3%
Czesnikiewicz-Guzik et al[48], 2004	Culture	Poland; 100 female patients	48.3%
Umeda et al[35], 2003	Culture	Japan; 18 dental patients	5.6% (n = 1)
Goosen et al[100], 2002	Culture	South Africa; 58 clinically healthy volunteers	13.8% (n = 8)
Checchi et al[103], 2000	Culture	Italy; 35 patients from a Periodontology clinic	8.6% (n = 3)
Sambashivaiah et al[73], 2011	RUT/CLO test	India; 36 patients in 3 groups-group I, healthy subjects, group II, chronic periodontitis patients, group III, chronic periodontitis patients with type II diabetes mellitus	Overall-66.7% (n = 24); among group I-41.7% (n = 5), group II-75% (n = 9), group III-83.3% (n = 10)
Bali et al[65], 2010	RUT/CLO test	India; 124 dyspeptic patients of which 60 were H. pylori-positive (cases) and 64 were H. pylori-negative (controls)	Overall-51.6% (n = 64); among cases-86.7% (n = 52)
Assumpção et al[89], 2010	RUT/CLO test	Brazil; 99 adult patients who underwent upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy	52% (n = 48/93)
Al Asqah et al[64], 2009	RUT/CLO test	Saudi Arabia; 62 dyspeptic patients with periodontitis and 39 dyspeptic patients without periodontitis	Overall-65%; 79% in periodontitis group and 43% in non-periodontitis group
Sudhakar et al[102], 2008	RUT/CLO test	India; 50 patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer (study group) and 25 students (control group)	Overall 49.3% (n = 37); in study group-70% (n = 35), in control group-8% (n = 2)
Chitsazi et al[40], 2006	RUT/CLO test	Iran; 88 dyspeptic patients-44 with H. pylori infection and 44 without H. pylori infection	Overall 18.2% (16/88); 36.4% (16/44) in H. pylori-positive group
Anand et al[104], 2006	RUT/CLO test	India; 65 dyspeptic patients with H. pylori infection (cases) and 69 dyspeptic patients without infection (controls)	Overall-79.9% (n = 107/134); 89.2% (n = 58) among cases and 71% (n = 49) among controls
Gürbüz et al[39], 2003	RUT/CLO test	Turkey; 75 dyspeptic patients	91.7% (n = 68)
Choudhury et al[67], 2003	RUT/CLO test	India; 124 patients with dyspepsia	43% (n = 54)
Al-Refai et al[105], 2002	RUT/CLO test	Saudi Arabia; 75 dyspeptic patients and 60 healthy controls	Overall-88.1% (n = 119); among dyspeptic patients-89.3% (n = 67); among controls-86.7% (n = 52)
Butt et al[74], 2002	RUT/CLO test	Pakistan; 78 dyspeptic patients	100%
Suk et al[98], 2002	RUT/CLO test	Taiwan; 65 patients with dyspeptic symptoms	100%
Ozdemir et al[106], 2001	RUT/CLO test	Turkey; 81 dyspeptic patients	79% (n = 64)
Avcu et al[75], 2001	RUT/CLO test	Turkey; 241 H. pylori-positive patients with gastric histologic changes	44.8% (n = 108)
Namiot et al[107], 2010	EIA	Poland; 155 patients	65.6% (n = 101)
Leszczyńska et al[108], 2009	EIA	Poland; 164 dyspeptic patients referred for endoscopy-95 H. pylori infected and 69 non-infected	82.1% in H. pylori-positive subjects and 17.7% in H. pylori-negative subjects
Checchi et al[103], 2000	EIA	Italy; 35 patients from a Periodontology clinic	11% (n = 4)
Butt et al[74], 2002	Cytology	Pakistan; 78 dyspeptic patients	88%
Butt et al[82], 2001	Cytology	Pakistan; 135 dyspeptic patients	81.5% (n = 110)
Rasmussen et al[109], 2010	Southern blot	Brazil; 78 dyspeptic patients	47.4% (n = 37)

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; RUT: Rapid urease test; CLO: Campylobacter-like organism; EIA: Enzyme immunoassay; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.