Early respiratory complications after liver transplantation

Table 4 Major strategies to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

Preoperative strategies	Intraoperative strategies
Pulmonary rehabilitation prior to OLT	Reduction in the degree of surgical insult
	Reduction in the level of aggressiveness
	Reduction in the duration of procedure
	Reduction in the amount of blood lost
Postoperative ventilation[60,61,64,65]	Postoperative care[68]
Early extubation	Adequate postoperative pain relief Optimal hemodynamic and fluid management Improvement of general health and nutrition
Lung expansion maneuvers
Deep breathing exercises
Timely execution of bronchial toilette
NIV
Chest percussion and vibration
Invasive mechanical ventilation: assisted modes with minimal sedation

OLT: Orthotopic liver transplantation; NIV: Non-invasive ventilation.