Early respiratory complications after liver transplantation

Table 2 Major intraoperative and common postoperative risk factors for post-orthotopic liver transplantation pulmonary complications

Major intraoperative risk factors

Surgical procedure[2] (wide incision[19])

Intraoperative fluid transfusion volume[2,8,12]

Intraoperative blood transfusion volume[6,12]

Perioperative fluid balance[12]

Intraoperative fluid retention[14]

Intraoperative bleeding volumes[14]

Common postoperative risk factors

Excessive perioperative fluid administration[2]

Postoperative duration of mechanical ventilation[2] (delayed removal of endotracheal tube[13,19])

Acute rejection during the hospital stay[2]

Postoperative acute renal failure[5]

Postoperative hypoproteinemia

Onset of renal insufficiency

Poor postoperative myocardial function

Right hemidiaphragm paralysis[24]

Greater exposure to nosocomial agents[34]

Significant decline in the recipient’s immune function[34]

Surgical complications[34]

Re-interventions or need for retransplantation[34]