Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in adults: A shared position statement of the Italian association for the study of the pancreas

Table 1 Causes of pancreatic insufficiency

Chronic pancreatitis
Primary pancreatic insufficiency
Agenesis of the pancreas
Congenital pancreatic hypoplasia
Shwachman–Diamond syndrome
Johanson–Blizzard syndrome
Adult pancreatic lipomatosis or atrophy
Isolated lipase or colipase deficiency
Pancreatic resection
Pancreatic cancers
Secondary pancreatic insufficiency
Mucosal small bowel disease: Decreased cholecystokinin release
Somastatinoma or exogenous somatostatin analog intake: Decreased pancreatic secretion
Gastrinoma: Intraluminal destruction of enzymes
Surgery and Billroth II anastomosis: Poor mixing or decreased hormone release, disturbance of innervations
Periampullary tumors (pancreatic duct obstruction)

Modified from reference 155.