Thinking outside the liver: Induced pluripotent stem cells for hepatic applications

Table 2 Various induction methods to generate induced pluripotent stem cells

Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Retroviral vectors	High efficiency	Genome integration, dividing target cells needed	[7-9,32,41,42]
Lentiviral vectors	High efficiency, target cells need not be dividing	Genome integration	[47-49]
Lentiviral vectors with Cre/Lox	High efficiency	Minimize genomic integration	[43,44]
Piggyback transposon	Precise deletion is possible	Minimize genomic integration, laborious	[45,46]
Viral vectors	No genome integration	Low efficiency	[34-37]
Adenoviral vectors
Sendai vectors
DNA vectors
Plasmid vectors
Episomal vectors
Minicircle vectors
Protein transduction	No genome integration	Low efficiency	[38]
Small molecules	No genetic modification	Low efficiency	[39]
Synthetic mRNA	No genetic modification, high efficiency	Multiple rounds of transfection are needed	[40]