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Copyright ©2012 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 14, 2012; 18(42): 6018-6026
Published online Nov 14, 2012. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i42.6018
Table 1 Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 protein features and functions
PNPLA3 belongs to the IPLA2/lipase family. The protein encoded by PNPLA3 is a triacylglycerol lipase that mediates triacylglycerol hydrolysis in adipocytes. Multifunctional enzyme that has both triacylglycerol lipase and acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity (http://genatlas.medecine.univ-paris5.fr/)
Lipid hydrolase with an unusual folding topology that differs from classical lipases[38]
The enzyme is highly regulated by changes in energy balance: nutritional control of PNPLA3 being affected by a feed-forward loop[36]
PNPLA3 mRNA increases during differentiation of rat adipocytes in an insulin-dependent manner[39]
PNPLA3 mRNA expression is upregulated by tri-iodothyronine in adipocytes in vitro, in humans and rats, and in vivo in rat WAT[39]
PNPLA3 mRNA expression is upregulated by tri-iodothyronine in adipocytes in vitro, in humans and rats, and in vivo in rat white adipose tissue[40]
Promoter region of the human adiponutrin/PNPLA3 gene is regulated by glucose and insulin[33]
Fasting significantly downregulates PNPLA3 mRNA expression in liver and adipose tissue[35]
Feeding significantly upregulates PNPLA3 mRNA in liver and fat[34]
Liver PNPLA3 mRNA is expressed in human liver in higher levels compared with adipose tissue[36]
PNPLA3 mRNA is highly expressed in liver of b/ob mice[40] and visceral and subcutaneous adipose issue in obese humans[41]
PNPLA3 mRNA is expressed in hepatocytes but not in Kupffer cells[35,36]
PNPLA3 is expressed in hepatocytes but not in liver endothelial and Kupffer cells; microarray-based gene profiling showed that the expression level of
PNPLA3 in hepatocytes is correlated with that of genes associated with the lipogenic pathway such as ME1, SPOT14, and SCD1[35]
PNPLA3 is regulated in human hepatocytes by glucose via ChREBP[42]
SREBP1c is able to induce PNPLA3 expression in human immortalized hepatocytes and in HepG2 hepatoma cells[37]