Pancreatico-biliary endoscopic ultrasound: A systematic review of the levels of evidence, performance and outcomes

Table 1 Levels of evidence per subject: Pancreatic disorders, extrahepatic biliary tree, endoscopic ultrasonography-guided therapy

	Ia	Ib	IIa	IIb	III	IV	Total
Solid pancreatic tumors
Diagnosis, differential diagnosis	1	0	1	10	34	45	86
EUS - FNA, TCB, echobrush	0	4	1	28	48	11	92
Staging	2	0	0	17	30	18	67
Neuroendocrine tumors	0	0	0	4	28	15	47
Molecular markers	0	0	1	5	16	3	25
Screening	0	0	1	5	6	7	19
Elastography, CH-EUS	0	0	1	13	7	4	25
Other	0	1	1	7	37	11	57
Total	3	5	6	89	206	115	418
Pancreatic cysts
Diagnosis, differential diagnosis	0	0	0	2	26	31	59
EUS-FNA, TCB, brushing	1	0	1	10	17	2	31
IPMN	0	1	0	5	27	6	39
Molecular markers	0	0	0	7	3	0	10
EUS follow-up, clinical outcome	0	0	0	0	5	0	5
Other	0	0	0	6	13	2	21
Total	1	1	1	30	91	41	165
Chronic pancreatitis
Diagnosis	0	0	6	14	20	21	61
Autoimmune pancreatitis	0	0	0	2	7	2	11
Other	0	0	0	2	4	5	11
Total	0	0	6	18	31	28	83
Acute pancreatitis
Diagnosis	0	0	1	4	7	10	22
CBD stones	0	0	0	4	1	1	6
Other	0	2	1	2	5	2	12
Total	0	2	2	10	13	13	40
Extrahepatic biliary tree
Diagnosis (in general)	1	1	0	12	8	9	29
CBD stones	3	3	7	21	6	16	56
Cholangio-Ca	0	0	0	3	9	11	23
Gallbladder	0	0	0	6	18	4	28
IDUS	0	0	0	12	11	7	30
Periampullary neoplasms	0	0	0	7	19	5	31
Other	1	0	0	8	19	5	33
Total	5	4	7	69	90	57	230
EUS-guided therapy
Fluid collection drainage, necrosectomy	0	2	0	8	31	14	55
Billiary duct drainage	0	0	0	2	23	15	40
EUS-CPN, CPB	2	3	0	4	4	11	24
Pancreatic tumor therapy	0	1	0	6	9	6	22
Pancreatic duct drainage	0	0	0	0	4	1	5
Other	0	1	0	0	3	3	7
Total	2	7	0	20	74	50	153

EUS-FNA: Endoscopic ultrasound-fine needle aspiration; TCB: Trucut biopsy; CH-EUS: Contrast harmonic EUS; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; CBD: Common bile duct; IDUS: Intraductal ultrasound; CPN: Celiac plexus neurolysis; CPB: Celiac plexus block.