Impact of surgical volume on nationwide hospital mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Table 2 Observed hospital mortality by patient characteristics

Characteristics	No. of patients	Mortality (%)	P value
Age			< 0.001
Live (%)	4869 (97.9)	61.4 (10.4)1
Dead (%)	106 (2.1%)	66.0 (8.6)1
Sex			0.193
Male (%)	2 989 (60.1)	1.9
Female (%)	1 986 (39.9)	2.5
Admission route			0.291
Outpatient department (%)	3 859 (77.6)	2.3
Emergency room (%)	1 116 (22.4)	1.7
Charlson comorbidity score			0.291
< 3 (%)	3 235 (65.0)	2.0
≥ 3 (%)	1 740 (35.0)	2.4
Type of medical security			0.015
Health insurance (%)	4 688 (94.2)	2.0
Medical aid (%)	287 (5.8)	4.9
Operation type			< 0.001
CPD (%)	2 011 (40.4)	3.0
PPPD (%)	2 964 (59.6)	1.5

¹Indicates average age (standard deviation) of survival group and mortality group. No: Number; CPD: Classical pancreaticoduodenectomy; PPPD: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy.