Cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis

Table 2 Cell types involved in intestinal fibrosis

Cell type	Positive markers
Fibroblasts	Vimentin, FSP-1, N-cadherin (high), collagen type I, prolyl 4-hydroxylase
Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts	Vimentin, α-SMA, cadherin-11, FSP-1, collagen type I
Interstitial cells of Cajal	Vimentin, c-Kit receptor
Smooth muscle cells	Vimentin (low), α-SMA, Desmin, collagen type I
Stellate cells	Vitamin A, GFAP, α-SMA
Pericytes	a-SMA, desmin (low), MCSP,
	RGS5, PDGFR-β
	CD80, CD86, CD 13, CD90
	ANG I and II, ET-1, collagen type I
Epithelial cells	E-cadherin, cytokeratins
Endothelial cells	CD31, vWF, VE-cadherin, N-cadherin (low), vimentin (low)
Bone marrow stem cells
Hematopoietic stem cells	CD45, CD34, CD14
Mesenchymal stem cells	CD105, CD73, CD44, CD71, CD90
Fibrocytes	CD45, CD34, CD11, CD13, CD14,
	CD80, CD86, collagen type I, α-SMA

FSP-1: Fibroblast specific protein 1; MCSP: Melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan; RGS5: Regulator of G protein signaling-5; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; α-SMA: α-smooth-muscle actin; VE-cadherin: Vascular endothelial cadherin; vWF: von Willebrand factor; cKit: Tyrosine-protein kinase kit or CD117; ANG I and II: Angiotensin I and II; ET-1: Endothelin-1; CD: Cluster of differentiation. High and low indicate level of expression.