Sedation-associated hiccups in adults undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the study n (%)

	Group A (n = 215)	Group B (n = 210)	P value
Gender (male)	118 (54.9)	111 (52.9)	0.675
Body weight (kg)	63.6 ± 12.4	64.3 ± 17.6	0.675
Age (yr)	53.1 ± 15.3	48.9 ± 11.6	0.002
Diabetes	28 (13.0)	12 (5.7)	0.012
Hypertension	47 (21.9)	33 (15.7)	0.109
Cigarette smoking/alcohol consumption	72 (33.5)	36 (17.1)	< 0.001
Cerebrovascular diseases	18 (8.4)	6 (2.9)	0.019
Gastrointestinal diseases	130 (60.5)	30 (14.3)	< 0.001
GERD-like syndromes	103 (47.9)	17 (8.1)	< 0.001
Liver diseases	48 (22.3)	22 (10.5)	0.001
Psychological disorders	2 (0.9)	4 (1.9)	0.445
Drug history
NSAIDs	36 (16.7)	6 (2.9)	< 0.001
Benzodiazepines	22 (10.2)	7 (3.3)	0.006
Aminophylline	7 (3.3)	2 (1)	0.175

The data are presented as the mean ± SD (normally distributed data), or n (%) (categorical data). Group A: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) without sedation; Group B: Bidirectional endoscopy (BDE) with sedation; NSAIDs: Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.