Helicobacter pylori's virulence and infection persistence define pre-eclampsia complicated by fetal growth retardation

Table 5 Cytotoxin-associated antigen A/vacuolating cytotoxin A dual seropositivity n (%)

	Controls (n = 49)	All PE (n = 49)	PE-only (n = 17)	PE FGR (n = 32)	FGR-only (n = 13)	P value12	Odds ratio1 (95% CI)
CagA+VacA+	11 (22.4)34	37 (75.5)3	9 (52.9)	28 (87.5)4	5 (38.5)	3< 0.001	12.10 (3.76-38.91)
						40.001	45.44 (7.79-265.18)
CagA-VacA+	9 (18.4)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (7.7)	NS
CagA+VacA-	0 (0.0)	3 (6.1)	2 (11.8)	1 (3.1)	0 (0.0)	NS
CagA-VacA-	29 (59.2)34	9 (18.4)3	6 (35.3)	3 (9.4)4	7 (53.8)	30.001	0.13 (0.04-0.42)
						4< 0.001	0.04 (0.01-0.22)

¹Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, and presence of maternal and family risk factors;

²P values were calculated by chi-square test (χ²);

³Comparison between controls and all PE group;

⁴Comparison between controls and PE FGR group. CI: Confidence intervals; NS: Non significant; CagA: Cytotoxin-associated antigen A; VacA: Vacuolating cytotoxin A; PE: Pre-eclampsia; FGR: Fetal growth retardation.