Helicobacter pylori's virulence and infection persistence define pre-eclampsia complicated by fetal growth retardation

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of study populations (categorical variables) n (%)

Variable		Controls (n = 49)	PE-only (n = 17)	PE FGR (n = 32)	FGR-only (n = 13)	P value5
Cesarean section delivery		15 (30.6)678	16 (94.1)6	29 (90.6)7	9 (69.2)8	67< 0.001; 80.022
Neonatal sex	Male	19 (38.8)7	7 (41.2)	20 (62.5)7	6 (46.2)	70.043
	Female	30 (61.2)	10 (58.8)	12 (37.5)	7 (53.8)	NS
Nulliparae		31 (63.3)67	16 (94.1)6	27 (84.4)7	10 (76.9)	60.015; 70.047
Maternal risk factors		4 (8.2)	2 (11.8)1	8 (25.0)	1 (7.7)	NS
	Autoimmune diseases	1 (2.0)	2 (11.8)	4 (12.5)	0 (0)	NS
	Cardiovascular diseases	3 (6.1)	1 (5.9)	4 (12.5)	1 (7.7)	NS
Family risk factors		202 (40.8)6	123 (70.6)610	134 (40.6)	2 (15.4)10	60.049; 100.004
	Hypertension	9 (18.4)	8 (47.1)	10 (31.3)	2 (15.4)	NS
	Diabetes	10 (20.4)	3 (17.6)	5 (15.6)	0 (0)	NS
	Cardiovascular diseases	5 (10.2)	2 (11.8)	3 (9.4)	0 (0)	NS
Other complications:	FGR	0 (0.0)78	0 (0.0)910	32 (100)79	13 (100)810	78910< 0.001
	Early onset PE	-	16 (94.1)	29 (90.6)	-	NS
	Severe PE	-	13 (76.5)	19 (59.4)	-	NS
	HELLP syndrome	-	3 (17.6)	2 (6.3)	-	NS

¹One patient presented both maternal risk factors (autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases);

²Four patients presented two family risk factors (3 hypertension and diabetes; 1 diabetes and cardiovascular disease);

³One patient presented two family risk factors (hypertension and diabetes);

⁴Five patients presented two family risk factors (4 hypertension and diabetes; 1 hypertension and cardiovascular disease).

⁵P values were calculated by chi-square test (χ²).

⁶Comparison between controls and PE-only group;

⁷Comparison between controls and PE FGR group;

⁸Comparison between controls and FGR-only group;

⁹Comparison between PE-only and PE FGR groups;

¹⁰Comparison between PE-only and FGR-only groups. NS: Non significant; PE: Pre-eclampsia; FGR: Fetal growth retardation; HELLP: Hemolysis-elevated liver enzymes-low platelets.