Inflammatory bowel disease in travelers: Choosing the right vaccines and check-ups

Table 2 World distribution of travel-related preventable illnesses and current recommended vaccination program for adult inflammatory bowel disease patients

Illness	Regions with high and intermediate endemicity	Vaccine/schedule	Recommendation
Hepatitis A	High: Africa	Inactivated virus (every 10 yr)	Authorized
	South America, Middle East Southeast Asia, China
	Intermediate: Southern and Eastern Europe
Yellow fever	Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa	Live attenuated (every 10 yr)	Contraindicated during immunosuppression
	America: Central and South America	17D strain (17D-204 /17DD)
Meningococcal disease	Europe: Serogroups B, C	Conjugate polysaccharide C	Authorized
	Americas: Serogroups B, C, Y	Polysaccharide combined A+C	Authorized
	Africa and Asia: serogroups A, C, W135	Polysaccharide combined A+C+W+Y (single dose among persons aged 11-55)	Authorized
Typhoid	High: Southern Africa	Vi Capsular polysaccharide (single dose IM. Booster dose every 2-3 yr for those at risk)	Authorized
	Western, Eastern South central and Southeastern Asia
	Intermediate: Eastern, Middle and Northern Africa, Western Asia, Latin America/Caribbean, Oceania
Cholera	Africa: Congo, Kenya, Mozambique, Uganda, Tanzania and West Africa	Oral Killed (2 doses at 1-6 wk interval with a buffer to protect the B-subunit against stomach acidity)	Authorized
	South and Central America: Peru, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua	Oral live	Contraindicated during immunosuppression
	Asia: Afghanistan, India, Cambodia, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka
Rabies	High: Africa, Asia, parts of Central and South America	Cell culture-derived vaccine (travellers, not handling animals: 2 doses, at days 0-28. If risk continues booster dose at 6-12 mo)	Authorized
	Intermediate: Eastern Europe, parts of central and South America (Chile, Argentina)
Japanese encephalitis	Southeast Asia	Cell culture-derived vaccine (2 doses, at days 0-28 booster dose?)	Authorized
	Far East
Tick-borne encephalitis	Europe: Central and Eastern	Inactivated virus (3 doses at 0,1 and 12 mo)	Use with caution
	Europe, Russia
	Asia: China, Siberia, Russian Fareast