A review of the efficacy of traditional Iranian medicine for inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 In vitro studies on plants used in traditional Iranian medicine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Study	Plant	Part	Results
Watt et al[39]	Althaea officinalis	Whole plant ethanol extract	Antibacterial activity against E. coli
Yoshikawa et al[40]	Boswellia carterii	Mono- and triterpenes isolated from this oleogum resin	↓NO production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages
Chevrier et al[41]	Boswellia carterii	Ethanol extract of oleogum resin	Immunomodulatory properties
Camarda et al[42]	Boswellia carterii	Essential oil isolated from oleogum resin	Antimicrobial activities against various microorganisms including fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains
Moghtader et al[43]	Bunium persicum	Essential oil of seed	Strong anti-bacterial effects
Shahsavari et al[44]	Bunium persicum	Essential oil of seed	Antioxidant properties
Kumar et al[45]	Cassia fistula	Crude extract of fruit	Significant antimicrobial activity
Francis et al[46]	Commiphora mukul	Terpenoids and guggulusteroids	↓Lipid peroxidation and Cox inhibitory activities
Manjula et al[47]	Commiphora mukul	Crude extract of gum resin	↓Proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, ↓inflammatory mediators such as IFN-δ, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-1β and NO, ↓NO production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages
Matsuda et al[48]	Commiphora mukul	Methanolic extract of gum resin
Saeed et al[49]	Commiphora mukul	The essential oil, chloroform extract and seven sesquiterpenoids compounds of oleogum resin	Wide range of inhibitory activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria
Fattouch et al[50]	Cydonia oblonga	Pulp and peel polyphenolic extract	Radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities
Silva et al[51]	Cydonia oblonga	Pulp and peel methanolic extract	Antioxidant activity
Hamauzu et al[52]	Cydonia oblonga	Pulp and peel phenolic extract	Superior antioxidant functions to that of chlorogenic acid and ascorbic acid as standard antioxidants
Kaur et al[53]	Foeniculum vulgare	Aqueous and organic seed extracts	Antibacterial activity comparable to standard antibiotics
De Marino et al[54]	Foeniculum vulgare	n-butanol and aqueous extract of fruit	Moderate antioxidant activity
Baliga et al[55]	Foeniculum vulgare	Aqueous extract	↓NO
Fukuda et al[56]	Juglans regia	Polyphenols	↓Lipid peroxidation, ↑antioxidant activity
Zhou et al[57]	Pistacia lentiscus	Oleogum resin	↓Pro-inflammatory substances such as NO and prostaglandin E2, ↓expression of iNOS and Cox-2 at both protein and mRNA levels, potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity
Westerhof et al[58]	Plantago ovata	Mucopolysaccharides of seed	Wound cleansing and healing properties, limits scarring
Al-Fatimi et al[59]	Solanum nigrum	Methanolic extract of fruit	Free radical scavenging activities in the DPPH assay
Heo et al[60]	Solanum nigrum	A glycoprotein (SNL glycoprotein) isolated from fruit	Scavenging effects on both superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical
Aquil et al[61]	Terminalia chebula	Ethanolic extract of fruit	Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, synergistic interaction with tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin against S. aureus and/or E. coli
Kim et al[62]	Terminalia chebula	Butanol fraction of fruit	Profound growth-inhibitory activity against six intestinal bacteria especially Clostridium perfringens and E. coli
Moeslinger et al[63]	Terminalia chebula	Aqueous extract of fruit	↓Inducible nitric oxide synthesis

E. coli: Escherichia coli; NO: Nitric oxide; Cox: Cyclooxygenase; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; SNL: Solanum nigrum L.; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus.