Pre-illness changes in dietary habits and diet as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease: A case-control study

Table 4 Association between pre-illness intake of foods and beverages and risk of Crohn's disease in patients who did not modify the diet before diagnosis

	Controls	Crohn’s disease
	n (%)	n (%)	OR1 (95% CI)
Pasta and/or rice
Low	67 (41.88)	8 (32.00)	2
Moderate	68 (42.50)	14 (56.00)	1.59 (0.61-4.17)
High	25 (15.63)	3 (12.00)	1.01 (0.24-4.34)
Bread
Low	60 (37.50)	6 (24.00)	2
Moderate	55 (34.38)	8 (32.00)	1.25 (0.38-4.04)
High	45 (28.13)	11 (44.00)	2.47 (0.81-7.56)
Sweets and cakes
Low	52 (32.50)	8 (32.00)	2
Moderate	49 (30.63)	4 (16.00)	0.43 (0.11-1.63)
High	59 (36.88)	13 (52.00)	1.21 (0.44-3.29)
Red meat
Low	73 (45.63)	8 (32.00)	2
Moderate	38 (23.75)	6 (24.00)	1.25 (0.38-4.07)
High	49 (30.63)	11 (44.00)	2.42 (0.85-6.85)
White meat
Low	45 (28.13)	8 (32.00)	2
Moderate	70 (43.75)	15 (60.00)	1.33 (0.50-3.52)
High	45 (28.13)	2 (8.00)	0.25 (0.05-1.27)
Tuna fish
Low	37 (23.13)	13 (52.00)	2
Moderate	48 (30.00)	6 (24.00)	1.31 (0.35-4.87)
High	75 (46.88)	6 (24.00)	0.25 (0.08-0.77)
Fish
Low	61 (38.13)	16 (64.00)	2
Moderate	39 (24.38)	6 (24.00)	0.57 (0.19-1.72)
High	60 (37.50)	3 (12.00)	0.18 (0.05-0.67)
Processed meat
Low	50 (31.25)	2 (8.00)	2
Moderate	57 (35.63)	18 (72.00)	7.80 (1.61-37.89)
High	53 (33.13)	5 (20.00)	1.97 (0.35-11.03)
Milk
Low	45 (28.13)	7 (28.00)	2
Moderate	36 (22.50)	2 (8.00)	0.41 (0.07-2.18)
High	79 (49.38)	16 (64.00)	1.55 (0.57-4.19)
Cheese
Low	43 (26.88)	5 (20.00)	2
Moderate	70 (43.75)	5 (20.00)	0.54 (0.14-2.06)
High	47 (29.38)	15 (60.00)	3.70 (1.14-12.01)
Eggs
Low	44 (27.50)	10 (40.00)	2
Moderate	51 (31.88)	9 (36.00)	0.85 (0.30-2.40)
High	65 (40.63)	6 (24.00)	0.42 (0.14-1.29)
Potatoes
Low	25 (15.63)	7 (28.00)	2
Moderate	78 (48.75)	13 (52.00)	0.60 (0.19-1.83)
High	57 (35.63)	5 (20.00)	0.24 (0.06-0.91)
Vegetables
Low	44 (27.67)	14 (56.00)	2
Moderate	67 (42.14)	7 (28.00)	0.26 (0.09-0.78)
High	48 (30.19)	4 (16.00)	0.21 (0.05-0.78)
Fruits
Low	48 (30.00)	9 (36.00)	2
Moderate	61 (38.13)	8 (32.00)	0.78 (0.26-2.30)
High	51 (31.88)	8 (32.00)	0.76 (0.26-2.21)
Refined sugar
Low	57 (35.63)	8 (32.00)	2
Moderate	45 (28.13)	12 (48.00)	1.61 (0.58-4.42)
High	58 (36.25)	5 (20.00)	0.58 (0.17-1.97)
Butter
Low	28 (17.50)	1 (4.00)	2
Moderate	88 (55.00)	20 (80.00)	6.07 (0.75-49.20)
High	44 (27.50)	4 (16.00)	1.84 (0.18-18.19)
Margarine
Low	57 (35.63)	8 (32.00)	2
Moderate	84 (52.50)	13 (52.00)	1.07 (0.40-2.84)
High	19 (11.88)	4 (16.00)	1.17 (0.29-4.74)
Olive oil
Low	47 (29.38)	10 (40.00)	2
Moderate	88 (55.00)	10 (40.00)	0.60 (0.22-1.61)
High	25 (15.63)	5 (20.00)	0.98 (0.29-3.35)
Seed oil
Low	33 (20.63)	6 (24.00)	2
Moderate	97 (60.63)	15 (60.00)	0.84 (0.29-2.43)
High	30 (18.75)	4 (16.00)	0.66 (0.16-2.76)

¹From unconditional logistic regression models including terms for age (5-year groups), sex, years of education, tobacco consumption (never, ex-smoker, current smoker of < 15, 15-24, ≥ 25 cigarettes/d) and body mass index (quintiles).

²Reference category.