Advances in diagnosis, treatment and palliation of cholangiocarcinoma: 1990-2009

doi:10.3748/wjg.15.4240

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Sep 14, 2009 (publication date) through Apr 18, 2024

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Sep 14, 2009; 15(34): 4240-4262
Published online Sep 14, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4240

Table 2 Known risk factors for cholangiocarcinomas

General risk factors

Old age (older than 65 years)

Smoking

Obesity

Diabetes

Post surgical

Biliary-enteric anastomosis

Chronic inflammatory diseases

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)

Hepatolithiasis (Oriental Cholangiohepatitis)

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis B

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Liver cirrhosis

Parasitic infections

Opisthorchis viverrini

Clonorchis sinensis

Congenital

Choledochal cysts

Caroli’s disease

Congenital hepatic fibrosis

Chemical agents

Thorotrast

Dioxin

Nitrosamines

Asbestos

Medications

Oral Contraceptive Pills

Isoniazid

Citation: Aljiffry M, Walsh MJ, Molinari M. Advances in diagnosis, treatment and palliation of cholangiocarcinoma: 1990-2009. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(34): 4240-4262
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i34/4240.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.4240