Problems associated with glucose toxicity: Role of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress

Figure 1 Increase in oxidative stress in the diabetic state. Acceleration of glycation response and the intramitochondrial electron transfer system was detected in the diabetic state, causing oxidative stress as the responses accelerated. Black arrows indicate pathway, grey arrows indicate increase or decrease. AGE: Advanced glycosylation end products; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TCA cycle: Tricarboxylic acid cycle; ATP: Adenosine tri-phosphate.