Nutritional status and nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases

Table 2 Nutritional assessment in patients with IBD

Assessment	Parameters	Percentage of CD patients with deficient intake or parameters
Dietary history	Energy intake, low	40%[515]
	Protein intake, high	150% RDA[5]
	Carbohydrates, excess	39.2%[17]
	Fat, and saturated fat, excess	27%, and 59.5%[17]
	Iron intake, low	50%, 13%[18]
	Calcium and phosphor intake, low	23%[18]
	Folate intake, low	19%[18]
	Vitamin A intake, low	13%-21%, 26%[1819]
	Vitamin B intake, low	18%-37%[19]
	Vitamin C intake, low	21%-34%, 11%[1819]
	Vitamin D	36%[18]
	Vitamin E	63%[18]
Anthropometry	IBW < 90%	40%[5]
	BMI > 25 kg/m2	32%[15]
Body composition	Fat body mass, SFT < 15%	30%[5]
	Fat free mass, MAC < 15%	59%[5]
	DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)	30% osteopenic, 60% sarcopenic[20]
	Nitrogen balance, negative	[21]

RDA: Recommended daily allowance; IBW: Ideal body weight; BMI: Body mass index; SFT: Skinfold thickness triceps; MAC: Mid arm circumference.