Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation: Current concepts and challenges

Table 3 Selected traditional and novel factors associated with the increased risk of CMV disease after liver transplantation

Traditional factors	Recently identified factors
CMV D+/R- > CMV R+	Toll-like receptor gene polymorphism
Allograft rejection	Mannose binding lectin deficiency
High viral replication	Chemokine and cytokine defects (IL-10, MCP-1, CCR5)
Mycophenolate mofetil	Deficiency in CMV-specific CD4+ T cells
Muromonab-CD3	Deficiency in CMV-specific CD8+ T cells
Anti-thymocyte globulin	Expression of immune evasion genes
Alemtuzumab	Programmed cell death 1 expression
HHV-6
HHV-7
Renal insufficiency
Others1

¹Others factors include re-transplantation, volume of blood transfusion, sepsis and factors associated with high tumor necrosis factor-α secretion[1,4,11,13,21,39-42,77,89-93].