Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation: Current concepts and challenges

Table 1 Direct and indirect clinical effects of CMV after solid organ transplantation

Direct effects	Indirect effects
CMV syndrome	Acute allograft rejection
Fever
Myelosuppression
Malaise
Tissue-invasive CMV disease1	Chronic allograft rejection
Gastrointestinal disease (colitis, esophagitis, gastritis, enteritis)	Vanishing bile duct syndrome
Hepatitis	Chronic ductopenic rejection
Pneumonitis
CNS disease	Hepatitis C virus recurrence
Retinitis	Allograft hepatitis, fibrosis and allograft failure
	Opportunistic and other infections
Mortality	Fungal superinfection
	Nocardiosis
	Bacterial superinfection
	Epstein-Barr virus and PTLD
	HHV-6 and HHV-7 infections
	Vascular thrombosis
	Mortality

¹Any organ system may be affected by CMV.