Probiotic intervention has strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults

Table 2 The effect of a 3-wk probiotic intervention on in vitro cytokine production (pg/mL) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Streptococcus pyogenes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli and Influenza A H3N2 virus of healthy adults (n = 62) presented as median AUC_0-21 minus baseline (IQR)

	Placebo (n = 16)	LGG (n = 13)	Bb12 (n = 16)	PJS (n = 17)	P value1	Localization
TNF-α
Streptococcus	703 (-315-1784)	-1883 (-2389-540)	-645 (-1843-1403)	315 (-1045-1460)	0.025	LGG vs placebo
Influenza	31 (-3-66)	6 (-83-84)	-27 (-101-37)	29 (-39-83)	0.32
LPS	11 (-16-38)	-15 (-31-10)	14 (-36-48)	-6 (-78-36)	0.53
IFN-γ
Streptococcus	-19 (-221-97)	-10 (-227-284)	71 (-161-360)	-23 (-223-155)	0.6
Influenza	117 (29-284)	-72 (-221-194)	-7 (-436-189)	102 (-59-218)	0.25
LPS	NA	NA	NA	NA
IL-1β
Streptococcus	2308 (45-5222)	-1324 (-5609-352)	444 (-6152-5000)	649 (-3412-3747)	0.49
Influenza	166 (13-478)	83 (-183-273)	-15 (-817-170 )	156 (-75-791)	0.69
LPS	67 (-29-138)	5 (-147-114)	51 (-40-122)	17 (-43-199)	0.66
IL-2
Streptococcus	5 (-23-79)	-46 (-176-0)	1 (-135-97)	39 (-105-213)	0.33
Influenza	25 (-18-42)	14 (-51-62)	-55 (-162-14)	10 (-27-39)	< 0.001	Bb12 vs others
LPS	2 (-18-35)	27 (-25-57)	1 (-42-51)	6 (-35-25)	0.54
IL-6
Streptococcus	793 (-691-4829)	-379 (-3955-397)	205 (-2757-1553)	175 (-4344-909)	0.82
Influenza	1530 (166-4632)	1288 (-4329-4073)	550 (-7178-1905)	1644 (-327-3344)	0.74
LPS	947 (-418-2527)	-2189 (-3675-4053)	329 (-1949-3950)	639 (-1217-1607)	0.13
IL-8
Streptococcus	240 (-1585-3914)	34 (-3066-3143)	400 (-3638-2891)	132 (-2667-2976)	0.96
Influenza	-455 (-1966-1670)	-193 (-2953-1520)	-1675 (-4245 to -601)	-1148 (-2550-1707)	0.31
LPS	-742 (-3384-180)	-149 (-1608-1517)	-334 (-2692-739)	-1111 (-2457-836)	0.78
IL-10
Streptococcus	907 (263-2149)	-4 (-881-2420)	452 (-2982-1735)	226 (-86-950)	0.29
Influenza	95 (48-284)	-57 (-159-233)	4 (-301-130)	95 (13-350)	0.25
LPS	381 (19-602)	78 (-298-656)	347 (-403-796)	187 (28-1440)	0.51
IL-12
Streptococcus	26 (-18-75)	-32 (-99-36)	22 (-36-67)	35 (-73-172)	0.46
Influenza	0 (-4-16)	7 (-9-30)	8 (-19-51)	5 (-25-37)	0.88
LPS	15 (1-36)	3 (-7-28)	0 (-6-29)	0 (-62-20)	0.23

¹Median regression analysis. AUC: Area under curve (calculated from baseline, 1, 7 and 21 d minus baseline); IQR: Interquartile range; LGG: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; Bb12: Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb12; PJS: Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS; NA: Not analyzed.