Insights from advances in research of chemically induced experimental models of human inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Pathogenesis of IBD models in DSS colitis

Pathogenic factors
Categories	Factors (References)
Chemokines/cytokines	Migration inhibitory factor[114], LIX[115], L-18[33], CCR5[116], IL-1[117]
Adhesion molecules	CD98[118], β2 integrins (CD18/11a)[83], Integrin α1β1[81], VCAM-1[119]
Transcriptional factors	STAT3[74]
Toll like receptors and ligands	CpG motifs[92], Flagellin/TLR5[90]
Enzymes	Chitinase 3-like-1[102], Carbonic anhydrase IV[100], Eosinophil peroxidase[120], Caspase-1[105]
Hormones	Adiponectin[112], Resistin-like molecule β[121], Leptin[113], Osteopontin[122], Activins[123]
Others	Galanin-1 receptor[124]
Regulatory factors
Categories	Factors (References)
T cells	γδT cells[23,24]
Cytokines/chemokines	BFGF[51], FGF2[125], TGF-α[46], TFF2[53], ITF[54], HGF[47,49]
Transcription factors	SOCS3[74], Nrf2[126], PPARγ[76,77], PPARδ[76]
Adhesion molecules	B2 integrins (CD11β)[83]
Receptors	TLR4[87], PG receptor EP-4[95], Pregnane X Receptor[127]
Enzymes	COX-2[94,96], COX-1[94], Matrix metalloproteinase-2[128]
Hormones	Estrogen[129], Growth hormone[130], Adiponectin[110]
Neuronal factors	Vagus nerve[131], IRE1β[132], Neurotensin[133]
Lipid-associated molecules	Lipoxin A4[134], Apolipoprotein A-IV[135]
Others	Dietary glycine[136], Follistatin[123], Bacterial superantigens[137], Thioredoxin-1[138]