Assessment of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in clinical practice: A challenge for gastroenterologists

Table 2 Medications associated with the cholestatic-type damage

Compound	Other injury	Comment
Cholestasis without hepatitis (canalicular/bland/pure jaundice)
Estrogens, contraceptive steroids and anabolic-steroids (Budd-Chiari, adenoma, carcinoma, peliosis hepatitis, adenoma, carcinoma)
Cholestatis with hepatitis (hepatocanalicular jaundice)
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid	Chronic cholestasis	VBDS
Atorvastatin	Chronic cholestasis
Azathioprine	Chronic cholestasis
Benoxaprofen (withdrawn)
Bupropion	Chronic cholestasis
Captopril, enalapril, fosinopril
Carbamazepine	Chronic cholestasis	VBDS
Carbimazole
Cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin
Clindamycin	Chronic cholestasis
Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin
Cyproheptadine	Chronic cholestasis	VBDS
Diazepam, nitrazepam
Erythromycins	Chronic cholestasis	VBDS
Gold compounds, penicillamine
Herbal remedies:
Chaparral leaf (Larrea tridentate); Glycyrrhizin, greater celandine (Chelidonium majus)
Irbesartan	Chronic cholestasis
Lipid lowering agents (“statins”)
Macrolide antibiotics
Mianserin
Mirtazapine	Chronic cholestasis
Phenotiazines (chlorpromazine)	Chronic cholestasis
Robecoxib, celecoxib
Rosiglitazone, oioglitazone
Roxithromycin	Chronic cholestasis
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim	Chronic cholestasis	VBDS
Sulfonamides	Chronic cholestasis
Sulfonylureas (Glibenclamide, Chlorpropamide)
Sulindac, piroxicam, diclofenac, ibuprofen
Terbinafine	Chronic cholestasis	VBDS
Tamoxifen	Hepatocellular, peliosis Chronic cholestasis
Tetracycline	Chronic cholestasis
Ticlopidine & Clopidogrel	Chronic cholestasis
Thiabendazole		VBDS
Tricyclic antidepressants (Amitriptyline, Imipramine)	Chronic cholestasis	VBDS
Sclerosing cholangitis-like	Floxuridine (intra-arterial)
Cholangiodestructive (primary biliary cirrhosis)	Chlorpromazine, ajmaline

VBDS: Vanishing bile duct syndrome.