Anti-inflammatory properties of the short-chain fatty acids acetate and propionate: A study with relevance to inflammatory bowel disease

Figure 1 Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on LPS-stimulated TNFα and IL-8 release, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in conditioned medium from neutrophil cultures. Cells were exposed to LPS (1 μg/mL) concomitant with acetate, propionate or butyrate (all 30 mmol/L) for 6 h followed by analysis of TNFα (upper panel, bars) and IL-8 (lower panel) protein levels and LDH activity (upper panel, diamonds). n.d: not detectable. mean ± SEM (n = 3), ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01.