Upper gastrointestinal sensory-motor dysfunction in diabetes mellitus

Table 2 Acute hyperglycemia and upper GI disorders

Motility disorder	Sensory disorder
Peristaltic wave duration[98]↑	Amplitude of the cortical evoked
Peristaltic velocity in the distal	brain potentials to moderate
part of the esophagus↓[103]	esophageal distension↑[98]
Pressure of the low esophageal	Perception during proximal
sphincter↓[103]	gastric distension in healthy subjects
Gastric emptying of both solids	both in the fasted state and during
and nutrient liquids↓[104]	intra-duodenal lipid infusion↑[95]
Motility index and propagation	Influencing the postprandial
of duodenal and jejunal waves↓[84]	fullness in IDDM patients↑[105]
Cycle length of inter-digestive
motor activity in the fasted state↓[56]
Small intestinal transit↓[71]
Proximal duodenal pressure waves↓[104]