Upper gastrointestinal sensory-motor dysfunction in diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Motility disorders of upper GI tract in DM

Organ	Motility disorder
Esophagus	Amplitude[88,89] and number[46,90] of peristaltic contractions↑
	Number of spontaneous and non-propagated contractions↑[45]
	Amplitude of lower esophageal sphincter pressure↓[88]
	Multi-peaked contractions[78,79]
Stomach	Antral IMMC↓[87]
	Post-prandial antral activity and the number of antral contractions↓[91]
	Pyloric dysmotility[92]
Small intestine	Frequency and amplitude of the antropyloroduodenal contractions↑↓[93]
	Duration of MMC cycle↑[85]
	Early recurrence of the MMC and clusters of contractile activity[94]