Multimodal pain stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract

Figure 7 Change in sensory rating compared with baseline recordings for oral morphine and placebo using multimodal stimulation of the esophagus. Top picture: Morphine attenuates mechanically evoked pain better than placebo 60 min after drug intake (P < 0.01). VAS on the X-axis denotes the sensory rating at a visual analogue scale with 5 as the pain threshold. ML at the Y-axis denotes the bag volume. Middle picture: Morphine attenuates heat pain better than placebo (P < 0.05). Here the X-axis illustrates time after drug intake (min) and AUC on the Y-axis denotes the area under the temperature curve used as a proxy for the thermal energy. Bottom picture: Morphine also worked better than placebo (P < 0.05) on electrical stimulation 60 min after drug intake.