Grapefruit-seed extract attenuates ethanol-and stress-induced gastric lesions via activation of prostaglandin, nitric oxide and sensory nerve pathways

Table 3 Effect of GSE with or without pretreatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA 20 mg/kg ip) applied with or without the combination with L-arginine (L-Arg, 200 mg/kg ig) or D-arginine (D-Arg, 200 mg/kg ig) on the area of ethanol-induced gastric lesions and accompanying changes in the GBF. Results are mean±SE of 6–8 rats

Type of test	Mean lesion area (mm2)	GBF (% control)
Without L-NNA
Vehicle	82 ± 5	63 ± 3
GSE (32 mg/kg i.g.)	8 ± 1.5a	81 ± 4a
With L-NNA
Vehicle	88 ± 4	58 ± 3
GSE (32 mg/kg i.g.)	76±3c	66 ± 5c
L-Arg (200 mg/kg i.g.)
+GSE (32 mg/kg i.g.)	12 ± 2c	79 ± 3c
D-Arg (200 mg/kg i.g.)
+GSE (32 mg/kg i.g.)	72 ± 4	69 ± 3

^aP < 0.05 vs vehicle,

^cP < 0.05 vs values in respective group without L-NNA, ^eP < 0.05 vs values in respective group with L-NNA but without L-Arg administration.