Artificial intelligence in gastroenterology practice: Current perspectives and emerging prospects

Figure 1 Overview of key artificial intelligence technologies and their applications in gastroenterology. AI: Artificial intelligence; ML: Machine learning; SVM: Support vector machine; ANN: Artificial neural network; DL: Deep learning; CNN: Convolutional neural network; RNN: Recurrent neural network; LSTM: Long short-term memory; LLM: Large language model; NLP: Natural language processing.

Figure 2 Key studied and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in esophageal and gastric diseases: A conceptual summary. Bold and italic text indicates artificial intelligence applications supported by the strongest available clinical evidence. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; PSPW: Postreflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave; BE: Barrett’s esophagus; EC: Esophageal cancer; EHR: Electronic health record; POEM: Peroral endoscopic myotomy; FLIP: Functional luminal imaging probe; HREM: High-resolution esophageal manometry; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Figure 3 Key studied and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in small and large intestinal diseases: A conceptual summary. Bold and italic text indicates artificial intelligence applications supported by the strongest available clinical evidence. CE: Capsule endoscopy; CADe: Computer-aided detection; CADx: Computer-aided diagnosis; CRC: Colorectal cancer; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; LGIB: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Figure 4 Key studied and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in pancreatic, biliary, and liver diseases: A conceptual summary. Bold and italic text indicates artificial intelligence applications supported by the strongest available clinical evidence. MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EHR: Electronic health record; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Figure 5 Key limitations and challenges of artificial intelligence in gastroenterology.