Impact of socioeconomic factors on pediatric atopic dermatitis population

Table 1 Study summary characteristics[14-21]

Ref.	Country	Geographical zone	Study type	Sample size	Patient population	Age group	Males, %	Females, %	Exposure	Primary outcome measurement
Reimer-Taschenbrecker et al[14], 2023	Chicago, United States	Americas	Cross-sectional study	216	Children with AD	5-17 years	41.70	58.30	SES	Geographic location, health insurance type, family income, parent education level, and household size
Jeong and Choi[15], 2024	Korea	Asia	Survey	2048	Children with allergic conditions like atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis	0 ≤ 5 years	No separate data	No separate data	Household income	Household income
Landau et al[16], 2024	Israel	Middle East	Cross-sectional study	77525	Children with AD diagnosis (Cases) and pediatric population attending wellness visits (Controls)	Cases: < 3 years of age, Controls: < 18 years of age	56.60	43.40	SES	Socioeconomic status
Tawfik et al[17], 2023	East London	Europe	Cross-sectional study	460	Infants & children, young adults of Bangladeshi origin with atopic eczema	2 months to 30 years old	57.00	43	SES	Job/income
Andersson et al[18], 2023	Greenland	Americas	Cross-sectional study	839	Pediatric population with AD	0–7 years	49.80	50.20	SES	Parental educational background, housing status
Kim et al[19], 2023	Korea	Asia	Cross-sectional study	980	Participants with the presence of allergic conditions, asthma/AD	Less than or equal to 18 years of age	64.10	35.90	SES	Household income
Agiwal et al[20], 2023	India	Asia	Prospective, descriptive study	380	Pediatric AD population	Up to 15 years of age	56.30	43.70	SES	Socio-economic status, residential area
Weil et al[21], 2022	Israel	Middle East	Retrospective case-control study	93432	Pediatric AD population	Less than 6 months to more than or equal to 18 years of age	47.70	52.30	SES	Residential area, socioeconomic status

AD: Atopic dermatitis; SES: Socioeconomic status.

Table 2 Primary outcome measurement variables[14-21]

Primary outcome measurement variables	Number of studies (out of 8)
Household income/income	4
Residential area/geographical location	3
Socioeconomic status	1
Parental or participant education	2
Occupation	1
Housing characteristics	1
Health Insurance	1

Table 3 Association between atopic dermatitis and socioeconomic status, and sub-analysis between atopic dermatitis and parental education[14-21]

Ref.	AD association with SES	Maternal education association with AD	Paternal education association with AD	Parental education association with AD
Reimer-Taschenbrecker et al[14], 2023	Mixed	No data	No data	Positive
Jeong and Choi[15], 2024	Positive	No data	No data	No data
Landau et al[16], 2024	Mixed	No data	No data	No data
Tawfik et al[17], 2023	No	No data	No data	Positive
Andersson et al[18], 2023	No data	Positive	Positive	No data
Kim et al[19], 2023	Mixed	Positive	Positive	No data
Agiwal et al[20], 2023	Mixed	No data	No data	No data
Weil et al[21], 2022	Mixed	No data	No data	No data

AD: Atopic dermatitis; SES: Socioeconomic status.

Table 4 Sub-analysis of residential area[14-21]

Residential area	Number of studies reporting data	Key findings
Urban	4	51.4% (Reimer-Taschenbrecker A), 63.4% (Landau T), 70.3% (Kim J), 58.9% (Agiwal PS)
Suburban	1	48.1% (Reimer-Taschenbrecker A)
Rural	4	0.5% (Reimer-Taschenbrecker A), 36.6% (Landau T), 29.7% (Kim J), 41.1% (Agiwal PS)
Apartment/attached house	1	82.1% (Andersson AM)
House	1	17.8% (Andersson AM)

Table 5 Risk of bias[14-21]

Criteria	Reimer-Taschenbrecker et al[14]	Jeong and Choi[15]	Landau et al[16]	Tawfik et al[17]	Andersson et al[18]	Kim et al[19]	Agiwal et al[20]	Weil et al[21]
Did the study address a clearly focused issue?	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Was the cohort recruited in an acceptable way?	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Was the exposure accurately measured to minimize bias?	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Was the outcome accurately measured to minimize bias?	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Have the authors identified all important confounding factors?	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Have they taken account of confounding factors in the design/analysis?	√	√	√	√	√	√	△	√
Was the follow-up of subjects complete enough?	×	×	√	×	×	×	×	△
Was the follow-up of subjects long enough?	×	×	√	×	×	×	×	√
What are the results of this study?	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
How precise are the results?	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Do you believe the results?	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Can the results be applied to the local population?	√	√	△	△	√	√	√	√
Do the results fit with other available evidence?	△	△	√	√	√	√	√	√
What are the implications of this study for practice?	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Positive/methodologically sound	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Negative/relatively poor methodology	×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×
Unknowns	△	△	△	△	△	△	△	△

√: Yes; ×: No; △: Partial/unclear empty = Not reported/unknown.